THE PEOPLE "GUARANI.
last week organized by Brazil came together over 800 leaders of the Guarani 4 countries, representing, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, in the village Anete Indian tekoha, in the town of Diamond D'Oeste, in the region of Parana. The unprecedented meeting which had as objective to create a new vision of cultural exchange that recognize, strengthen, preserve the culture of the Guarani, multicultural education as an important contribution of South America. The culture of the Guarani have a decisive presence in the cultural background of these countries contribution to the culinary culture, in language, topography, knowledge and customs territories.
They are part of these countries, although most of company is not conscious.
The Guarani are scattered in South America with the values \u200b\u200band behaviors similar eco-technology.
They met for the establishment a card to send to different countries to reflect on MARCUSUL companies.
Only since 2003 has formed a study group in Brazil and other countries, finally today the various countries, primarily Brazil, recognize indigenous culture as a culture of eco-technological development which the preservation and reproduction are in the interest of humanity.
Whether the connection to the culture general for articulation with the environment related to contemporary culture, ecology, knowledge of the peoples of the forest and decisive for all humanity, the Amazon safe world ..
The positive conception of the diversity model describes the environment as it leaves behind the anachronistic and authoritarian vision of Western civilization and the vision includes economic, social, cultural, political and environmental issues.
In this context, the conference organized identity and cultural diversity is the result of the commitment by the governments of South America in 2003, develops a specific policy for the culture of peoples natives, with programs and dissemination of knowledge,
for the future of indigenous traditions compared to Guarani.
think are finally in the development, promotion, food for the cultural experience, values \u200b\u200band indigenous traditional knowledge, trying to change the future of the continent.
In this context, it was the meeting with the heads Guarani.
What said: "We believe that to develop, promote and encourage cultural expressions of traditional indigenous values \u200b\u200band knowledge, we are helping to shape the future of South . A vibrant democracy has to offer and guarantee freedom of the groups within our society, the freedom to live fully their cultures and traditions, choosing the shapes and patterns of interaction and integration. We hope to reduce the prejudice of society, putting in place appreciation, knowledge, interest, and helping to strengthen self-esteem and social relationships of people, so they feel better equipped to improve their practices. The topics of this first meeting will be the basis to discuss and strengthen the political and cultural agenda for future meetings. "
The United Nations report published recently on the situation of indigenous peoples in the world. The study reveals that, while representing only 5% of the world, the people Indians make up 15% of the world's poorest. The ethnic and cultural diversity is perceived as one of the causes of these problems. The report also warns of the threat of extinction of indigenous cultures, saying that 90% of all indigenous languages \u200b\u200bwill disappear by the end of this century.
cultural exclusion, occurs in two ways: by rejecting the lifestyle of some groups (the result of thought that everyone should live in the style of the majority), and through discrimination or disadvantage imposed on minorities in disputes opportunities for social, political and economic.
The future of traditional indigenous cultures and respect of us all.
Note - GUARANA are a people of Tupi that lives mainly in southern Brazil, Paraguay in in the area of \u200b\u200bRio de la Plata in Argentina in Uruguay and areas of south-eastern Bolivia . The Guarani language, is the official language in Paraguay , where it is spoken by 94 % of the population, next to Castilian .
HISTORY AND LOCATION OF Guarani.
The variants of the Tupi-Guarani family are currently classified into three subgroups: the Guarani-Kaiowa , the Guarani-Guarani-Mbyá and Ñandeva . These groups are distributed in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul - Mbyá; Santa Catarina - Mbyá; Paraná - Mbyá and Nanda;, São Paulo - Mbyá and Nanda; Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo - Mbyá, and Mato Grosso do Sul - Kaiowa and Nanda) in Eastern Paraguay (Kaiowá, NAND, Mbyá) and the North of ' Argentina - Mbyá. Current estimates of the federal (FUNAI] - Fundação Nacional do Indio), FUNASA - Fundaci Naiconal de Saude) and NGOs (ISA] - Instituto Socio-Ambiental) add up to about 50/55.000 individuals their presence in Brazil alone. These people are descendants of the groups that inhabited the tropical forests that covered the basins of 'high Paraná , high Uruguay and southern edges of the plateau of Brazil. Finds in archaeological sites testify to the existence of this ethnic group from the fifth century (400 AD), with features that distinguish it clearly from other groups within the same language family. The archaeological findings also show that the populations that gave rise to the Guarani were the protagonists of intense migration which, from the territories located in the eastern part of present-day Brazil, brought them back in the twelfth century BC, occupying large part of the territories where it still meet their descendants. On the eve of the arrival of Europeans, the Guaraní occupied the vast forests between the rivers Paraná , Miranda, Tiete, Uruguay, and their tributaries, and large tracts of the southern coast of Brazil , which led them to be the first people contacted by the English and Portuguese as evidenced, for example, Cabeza de Vaca (1971. Naufragios y Comentarios. Espasa-Calpe, Colección Austral, No. 304, 5th. Edición, Madrid.) At the time of the Conquest, the Guarani were divided into five major groups, distributed in different regions:
· Carious , located along the Paraguay River and the city of Asuncion
· TAPES in today's territory of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and its
· PARANÁ , along the river namesake
· ITATIM, occupied the territories between the rivers Apa and Miranda (now Kaiowa)
· GUAIRA in North Eastern Paraguay and along the rivers Amambaí, Iguatemi and their tributaries (the current Nanda)
time of the Colony. The history of contact between settlers and Guaraní is marked by a strong Christian missionary and from expeditions in search of slaves held by Spaniards (starting from Paraguay's capital, Asuncion ) and Brazilians (from São Paulo ). The territories occupied by them were affected by conflicts and disputes between the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal , and found themselves involved in various colonial projects. For a long time represented the only wealth available in the entire region as a workforce, and so were reduced to slavery. Since the beginning of 1600, and for more than a century and a half, the administration of the Guarani groups was entrusted to the Jesuit missionaries who founded dozens of Reductions in the provinces occupied by these Indians. While the colonial administration was expected by the Jesuits: easy access to slave labor, the Reductions turned into places of refuge for many groups Guarani, isolated from the economic system and colonial self-sufficient, by subtracting the fact that hand opera in English and Portuguese colonizers. These are the reasons that led to arrange the shipment of encomenderos and Bandeirantes, looking for Indians to enslave, they put on fire several Reductions and deprived freedom of tens and tens of thousands of Guarani. With the discovery of gold deposits in the current Mato Grosso the late seventeenth century, the Guarani lost interest as a source of income, for the most part disappeared from historical records. With the Treaty of Madrid (1750), Portugal and Spain fundamentally alter their relationships, change that also affected their colonial possessions. In less than twenty years after the Jesuits were expelled treated with royal edict. The news about them become extremely fragmented, limited shipments of exploration and definition of the borders. The Occupied Territories the Guarani were covered by the work of a commission established by the Treaty of Madrid, appointed to determine the limits of their possessions in South America, especially the border between Brazil and Paraguay. Shipments of this committee led to a rediscovery of the Guarani groups that had escaped the colonial policies and had taken refuge in the forests. Additional records of the Guarani have since the nineteenth century, as a result of expeditions organized by Baron Antonina (Lopes, 1850 "Tour de ... encarregado Melhor de explora a way to de entre communicação Province de São Paulo Baixo de Matto Grosso and Paraguay hair. Revista do Instiruro Brasileira de História and Geography 13, Rio de Janeiro) With the war that the the Triple Alliance from 1864 to 1870 territorial boundaries were altered again, bringing more testimonials on the presence of groups Guaraní in the region. A large part of the territories currently occupied by the Guarani Kaiowa and Nanda were assigned the concession to Company Matte Laranjeira who used the Guarani as manpower, but occupied their lands since it was only interested in exploiting the 'yerba mate, in fact, to maintain a monopoly on the extraction facilitated the isolation of the Guarani and gave away any colonization projects.
modern development.
With the end of the monopoly of the Company Matte Laranjeiras and the migration of settlers coming mainly from the State of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, were reduced during the twentieth century, more and more territories at their disposal . The creation of the SPI (Serviço de Proteçao aos Indios), the Brazilian federal agency responsible for "protection" of the Indians, which took place in the twenties of the last century, failed to halt the disappropriation even easier through the forced removal of the groups indigenous request of the settlers. The Indians were removed in small confined areas reserves where there are still serious consequences for their survival and social well-being. Since the year 1980, the Guarani have begun to organize to claim their territories in the national political arena, giving rise to movements of territorial claims that continue to this day.
ECONOMY.
This is basically an agricultural tradition, and not a nomadic society, as it is sometimes mistakenly considered, with rules of distribution and redistribution of the means of production and products, and collaboration built from the family ties. The techniques consist of agricultural crops and medium and small plots devoted to production for personal consumption, the koku rarely more than three hectares. The grounds are cleaned, if necessary with the use of fire, and prepared to receive seeds, remaining in use for several years, depending on the type of soil and plants that are grown, after which it is left 'rest' until as it is not ready for use again. These lands are located in ideal conditions, within a mile from the residence of the unit of work and production, the family. They have a fine botanical taxonomy, which allows him to obtain good results in agriculture in the report and cost-effectiveness in the management of soils and polycultures (different species alternate in the same field). Any cooperation in economic and productive activities take place because of kinship relations, which imply certain obligations, even if you are always free to find other groups with which to establish relations of reciprocity. Thus, for certain jobs in which the family needs help, as the harvest season or the preparation of new fields, they will call relatives and neighbors to work together, who are provided food and at the end of work, a party-based fermented beverage (preferably corn - chicha), food, songs and dances.
Fishing and hunting are important activities, even if not more - as in the past - from the economic point of view, certainly more than the personal training, recreation and control of the territory. This practice hunting with rifle, bow and mazzafionda, going for long distances, or with the use of traps (percussion monde, and lace Nuha ), located mainly near the cultivated fields. The techniques include spear fishing and line fishing for the individual or the use of networks and the properties of a stem with stun, the Timba, where fishing is conducted in groups.
Religious Ceremonies Guarani.
Rituals are activities practiced socially and have a significant role in determining the forms of organization and social cohesion. Among the most important are those agrarian avatikyry "blessing of the corn," and ñemongarai "new plants", and others not related to the agricultural cycle as jeroky , designed to maintain the balance between the different elements of the cosmos and the Meta Pepi initiation ritual male (almost completely abandoned in Brazil). The land, Yvy in Guarani, needs to be constantly cared for, including through the maintenance of good behavior in line with the "right way to be" Guarani, the Teko Porã . According to mythology Guaraní, the care of the land was entrusted to the Guaraní by its creator Ñande Guasu Ru '(Our Great Father), upper level, which withdrew after the creation in places inaccessible to men, with the exception of Pai , political and religious leaders of the Guarani groups. Guarani practicing magic homeopathic to influence the vegetation as well as some vital events such as the fertility For example there is the belief that eating a double grain of millet, the therefore a woman will have twins.
The Tupi language family includes 70 different languages \u200b\u200bspoken in South America , and the best known are the ancient Tupi and Guarani .
DESCRIPTION.
When Portuguese arrived on the east coast of South America, they discovered that the natives of the coast spoke similar languages. Jesuit missionaries took advantage of these similarities create common language with grammar and spelling fixed, they called general language. The language best known of these was the ancient Tupi , and a language derived from this is still spoken by natives of the Amazon rainforest at the Rio Negro called Nheengatu . The family also includes other Tupi languages.
In the English colonies, the Guaraní language had a similar course of history but managed to survive the advance of English. The Guaraní language is spoken by 7 million people and is an official language of Paraguay and Bolivia .
Tupi family includes other languages \u200b\u200bwith a few people who speak them. They share an irregular shape with languages \u200b\u200b Ge and Caribe.
Languages:
T UPI-GUARANI , (50 languages \u200b\u200b Tupinambá (extinct), Guarani (7 million speakers), etc.).
LANGUAGE ARIKEM , (2 languages, including Karitiâna )
Awet ,
Mawé , (9000 speakers)
WORLD , (6 languages \u200b\u200bincluding Kano ).
(first part)
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